The mistakes triggered a power crisis in recent years and discussed the lessons to be learned from the California power crisis.

California, USA (California) is the most developed economy in the United States. The state with the highest concentration of high-tech industries is leading the way in managing renewable energy generation in the power demand side. The world's largest wind power plant has 737MW in the Altemont Pass. Field and 6.5MW of the world's largest solar cell power station, built a 10MW tower solar thermal power station in the Inga desert in 1982, it can be said that California's power industry leads the new trend of the US and the world's power industry but California's Marketization reform of the power industry has triggered a serious power crisis. 1 Overview of the design reform of California's power reform Before the reform of the power system in California, the power industry was a vertically monopolized power executive. The US Department of Energy and the California Energy Commission The power control department is the US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the California Public Utilities Commission. At that time, the power industry had the following characteristics: The main power industry was the three private utility companies, namely Pacific Gas Power Company (PGE) Southern California Edison Power Company (SCE) and San Diego Gas Power Company (SDGE). All have transmission, power generation, distribution facilities, vertical monopoly operations, three companies have 30GW of Table 2 insulation materials aging test data material number tensile strength / MPa elongation at break /% temperature / C duration / h1 f all for There are many columns, the number of the body is the main body of the form, to accommodate the data, the data in the body is generally without units, units or percent signs) and in the column, the column without numbers in the body can not be filled or Use "0* or "..." instead. Because "0* means the measured result is zero, ""

Or "..." means not found, blank means untested or not. Due to the concise expression of the form, the formatting requirements are high, some contents and even the entire form often need to be supplemented. If necessary, the symbols in the table should be marked. The code, as well as the items to be explained, are arranged in a concise text as a watch. When there are more than one note, they can be numbered under the table. As shown in Table 3, when there are too many vertical items in the table and there are few horizontal items, the table can be cut from the length direction and then rotated into two or three frames in parallel, separated by double thin lines. The horizontal columns of each frame should be repeatedly discharged, as shown in Table 4.

The traditional card line table function is more complicated than the | column complex table. When the card line table is used, the correspondence between the data is obvious, it is not easy to be confused, and the layout is compact. The disadvantage is that there are too many horizontal lines and vertical lines, so it is not concise. The author can select the three-line table or the card line table according to the specific conditions of the table, and recommend the three-line table for the short table. Table 3: Basic peak load and sensitive peak load growth in the summer. Basic peak-load sensitive peak load AT81) Note: 1) Summer 8 00 dry bulb temperature T8 span 7t: left and right as a benchmark, the resulting T8 increases the load value increased by 1*C on average.

Table 4 Chromatographic analysis of a reactor oil PL / L gas A phase B phase C phase gas A phase B phase C phase Yang Linqing pen power generation equipment capacity, can meet 75% of the state's electricity demand due to California's environmental restrictions are very strict, so There are only hydropower, natural gas power generation and nuclear power in the power supply. There are no coal-fired power plants. There are two municipal power companies. A federal western power system (WAPA) western power system passes the 500kV power grid, and the California power system and the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean. The Ministry is connected to the power system in the southwestern part of the desert. California's insufficient power is imported from the north and southwest respectively. The imported electricity accounts for 25% of California's electricity demand. For example, in 1999, California's power system had a maximum load of 45GW, except for the state. Outside 30 GW, importing 7.5 GW from the north and 8 GW from the southwest. The price of California in the United States is the highest in the United States before the reform. The average price of California in 1990 was 10 cents / (kW.h), which is higher than the average of the time in the United States. The electricity price is about 7 cents/(kW.h), which is about 40% higher. The reason for the high electricity price is firstly due to the government's commitment to power plants during the two oil crises of the 1970s, followed by California's strict environmental protection requirements, the inability to build coal-fired power stations, resulting in 25% of electricity being imported, and the third being nuclear power plants. High cost, high on-grid tariffs 1.2 The reason for the reform of the power system in California is mainly due to the economic downturn in California from 1988 to 1993. Residents complain that electricity prices are high, and they hope to cater to the trend of global power system reform and form a competitive situation in the power market. To reduce electricity prices; natural gas prices are low and supply is abundant around 1990, and the construction of gas-fired combined cycle power plants is more attractive; independent power producers (IPPs) hope to break the vertical monopoly of the power industry system and gain access to the electricity market; The understanding of the introduction of competition mechanism in the electricity market is superficial, and the enthusiasm for blind optimism is high; California has been bravely in the power development and reform, and wants to take the lead in the introduction of competition mechanism in the power market, deregulation reform work 1.3 reform process Research began in 1990, after research and development Establishing relevant institutions, finally starting the system reform in March 1998, and designing a transition period in the reform process. It should be said that the preparatory work for reform is relatively adequate, and it is based on the actual situation of the California power industry, but the power industry The reform of monopoly to competition is indeed complicated, and a slight oversight will lead to a major disaster. In this sense, the preparation for power reform in California is still insufficient.

In 1990, California Governor Davis conducted a survey on power system reform; force policy investigation; in 1994, the California Public Utilities Commission formulated a blueprint for the restructuring of electric power institutions; in April 1996, the US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission issued a The two laws of the power competition mechanism, Decree No. 888, stipulates that each power generation and transmission must break the monopoly. Each power company must be fair and open to all users without discrimination. Users have the right to choose power supply. The company must assume the obligation to set up an online information system, while stipulating that parties entering the market enjoy a fixed transmission right.

In September 1996, the governor of California signed the state legislature bill "AB1890", which provides for the establishment of an independent system operating organization (ISO), which is responsible for the management and dispatch of the California transmission system, the establishment of the power trading center (PX), for the purchase and sale of electricity, three Major power companies must buy and sell electricity through power trading centers. The establishment of ISO and PX cost a total of 500 million US dollars. The deregulation began on March 31, 1997. 1. The major power companies operating in California under the competitive power market began on March 31, 1998. Unlike the UK, Before the reform, the power company was public, and the vertically monopolized power company was unwilling to separate the power transmission and distribution. Therefore, the AB 1890 bill is a political compromise. In order to introduce some mechanisms in the power generation field, the bill requires three companies to remove nuclear power. In addition to hydropower, 50% of all power generation equipment is sold to private power generation companies; in order to introduce some mechanisms in the field of electricity sales, an energy service provider (ESP) is allowed to be established, and all users can select power producers through ESP. At that time, the three major power companies believed that after the introduction of the competition mechanism, the price of electricity would fall, and the power plants that had been built by the power company would have a stranded cost and demand compensation. For this purpose of the bill, the user's electricity price will not decrease during the four years from March 1998 to March 2002. The income from the power generation side will reduce the on-grid price to compensate for the cost of stranding. The electricity Ribl does not allow electricity e companies to subscribe to long-term power purchase contracts. All i.netbookmark2 due to reforms, the three major power companies still own thermal power, nuclear power and other small power plants, own all transmission and distribution networks, and also sell them. In order to avoid the power company's manipulation of the power grid and electricity price regulations, the property rights of the transmission system are still owned by the power company. The power of dispatching and operating power of the power grid is in the hands of the ISO. The dispatching and operating rights of the ISO must be controlled by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. (FERC) to supervise to break the vertical monopoly control of the power company, the power company actually became a power distribution and sales company in the transition period in order to avoid the power company to manipulate the electricity price, the bill stipulates that the electricity must pass the PX spot transaction, the on-grid price Determined by the competition of power producers, transmission costs are subject to government control approval based on operating costs. This kind of regulatory arrangements, market planning and market rules have laid the groundwork for the power crisis. 2 After the California power crisis occurred and developed, the reforms were normal in the first year, but the power crisis broke out in June 2000.

The cause of the crisis was a serious shortage of electricity, which has not been seen since the Second World War. The main reason is the power reform plan and the rule mistakes. The public utility companies sold all the power plants except hydropower and nuclear power according to the government's instructions. The total power generation equipment capacity was only 20GW, and the utility power company lost the support of the power supply.

11. Because environmental protection is too strict, and local residents oppose the construction of power plants, and the competitive rules of the electricity market make power producers daunting. New power plants have not been built in the decade after 1989. If the power purchase contract can be concluded in other regions in advance, the power shortage problem can also be solved. However, because power regulation and market planning do not allow for long-term power purchase contracts, the lack of electricity will inevitably lead to a recovery in the US economy, resulting in a sharp demand for electricity. (20% of the peak load in 1999 and 2000) and neighboring states, even if there is a strong grid, it is impossible to obtain new power from neighboring areas. The three major public utility companies in California are deprived of dispatching power. The safety and reliability of the power grid are borne by ISO. The regulation of the transmission grid makes the profitability of the power grid meager. The three power companies have no incentive to invest in the construction of the transmission network, forming a “bottleneck” for the transmission network, even if neighboring countries and neighboring states have Wealthy power is available, and it is impossible to transport it to California. In addition to power control and market planning mistakes, there have been many abnormal situations in 2000, which has made the power shortage situation even more fuely. The main factors are: the continuous high temperature natural on the west coast of the United States in the summer of 2000, the winter cold wave hit the Pacific coast in 2000, adding a new peak load factor to the load of the drama. 55% of the existing power plants in California have worked 30 Over the years, the high temperature and cold wave have caused the power generation output to decrease significantly.

The hot summer brought drought, and the hydropower station in northwestern California showed dry water. The output of several GW hydropower stations decreased. The huge waves swept the seaweed into the inlet of the nuclear power plant, making the price of nuclear power in 2000 from $10 per barrel. Rising to more than $30, natural gas prices have risen. California's thermal power plants are all natural gas power stations. In order to make high profits, power producers put the stock natural gas on the market, stop generating electricity, and buy from the market at relatively cheap electricity prices. Electricity meets the demand for power supply. The government has no corresponding control measures. In the case of severe power shortage, the on-grid price of power plants has soared. Under the condition of no increase in the price of power generation fuel, under the conditions of competitive power market, the price of electricity It is bound to rise. Since the oil and natural gas surged last year, the price of electricity has increased by 4 times or even 8 times. Normally, although the rules of the electricity market once stipulated the capping price of the power plant, the price of the cap was set at 750 US dollars/(MW. h), about 15~37.5 times the normal price of 20 50 US dollars / (MW.h), can not afford to do in June 2000, the on-grid price To $120/(MW.h), which is six times the average on-grid tariff for the same period in 1999. By the beginning of December, the feed-in tariff has further increased to $136/(MW.h), more than double the retail price of PGE. On the 9th of the month, ISO unilaterally canceled the decline in the net capping price, and the on-grid price soared to 450 US dollars / (MW * h). In this case, there are two situations: one is PGE and SCE still in transition period. The two power companies, due to the surge in on-grid tariffs at power plants, fixed end-user electricity prices, not only failed to compensate for the cost of stranding, but lost $13 billion in late February 2001, which is on the verge of bankruptcy.

The two major power companies are in debt and are unable to pay off their debts and are locked out of the capital market. 56 of the 66 banks contacted by PGE refused to provide loans. Finally, Bank of America led the loan to $850 million. The two power companies were unable to pay electricity to the power plants. The power plant refused to sell electricity to them. Through the state government requesting the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to reduce the capping price, on June 28, 2000, ISO reduced the capped price to $500/(MW.h), and in August it again dropped to $250/(MW.h); In January, the state government asked FERC to further reduce the price of net capping to 100 US dollars / (MW.h), which was rejected by FERC. FERC believes that lowering the capping price will cause the power producers to run away, which will further reduce the shortage of electricity in California.

The station was forced to reduce its output. Aeademie EleetroniePublishin another! This is the end of the transition period of San Diego gas power plus second, the two major power companies demanded to increase the user price by 30%, until January 3, 2001, the California Public Utilities Commission allowed the two companies to increase the price of electricity by 15% for 90 days, but Consumers are opposed to raising electricity prices. In this case, only the California government raises funds and buys electricity.

The power plant in Gansu, the acquisition of the transmission grid, the establishment of the bureau to the end of the year, the adoption of the first legislation, the reform measures 998 years of the introduction of the company (SDGE), the end of the transition period on July 31, 1999, lifted the user price After the power crisis in June 2000, the electricity prices of users in San Diego and Orange County in the power supply area increased by three times. The user response was strong. By September 2000, the California government imposed a ceiling on the user's electricity price for San Diego Gas and Electric Power Company. Pull market pricing back to government pricing.

California’s severe power shortages and skyrocketing electricity prices have led the California government to save electricity, make reasonable arrangements, and subsidize residents’ electricity use. From June to September 2000, the California government issued a secondary power alarm, calling on users to save electricity. In mid-January to late February 2001, a three-level power alarm was issued, further calling for energy conservation. The state and federal governments have adopted a series of measures to alleviate the power crisis: On August 2, 2000, California Governor Davis distributed three orders for stabilizing electricity prices, reductions, and demand, requiring state agencies to reduce electricity consumption and simplify new ones. The power plant approval process requires the California Attorney General to investigate possible market manipulations in the electricity market. In December 2000, the California Parliament passed the California Electricity Safety and Reliability Act to speed up the approval of new power plants.

At the end of 2000, California Governor Davis met with US President Charleston Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan to discuss ways to resolve the California power crisis. The governor of California and a special meeting in the California Parliament to discuss new legislation on lowering the feed-in tariff. At the same time, the federal energy court was prosecuted to the Federal Court for the control of the on-grid price. In mid-January 2001, President Bush proposed the 10-year plan for energy development, including: stimulating domestic oil production, providing tax incentives to the oil industry; Federal land such as the Alaska Arctic National Wildlife Refuge allows exploration and development of oil and gas, strengthens the management of new power plants, and allows states to take advantage of older power production facilities and relax environmental pollution control standards.

In January 2001, the California government asked independent power producers (IPPs) to sell their electricity to utility companies. And ordered the utility company to no longer sell the power plant.

In February 2001, the California government discussed whether to restore the original electricity control system, whether the state government would invest in the transmission grid and power plants.

In late February 2001, Governor Davis announced a rescue plan to prepare billions of dollars in public funds to free California from a serious power crisis and consider power company repurchase. In February 2001, the California government prepared to issue 20 billion. In the US dollar bond, the state legislature has approved the state government to issue $10 billion in bonds and sign long-term power purchase contracts. The federal authorities require that more than 95% of the electricity supply must use long-term contracts. The measures taken by the California government since January 2001 are Very effective, according to current estimates, the California power crisis will continue until at least the end of 2001, causing a loss of 20 billion US dollars for the California economy, the price of small users may increase by 50%, and the shareholders of utility companies will cause 70%. The loss of power in the state of the power crisis was a heavy blow to the ideals of California's power system reform, and it was a clear-cut to the global power system reform. 1 Learn from the California power crisis California power reform caused a power crisis, announced The complete failure of the California-style power system reform, the measures taken since the California power crisis It seems that California is ready to return to the government's acquisition of the power grid and power plants, and it is worthwhile to think seriously. What lessons do we learn from the power crisis in California? Electricity is an important factor in the stability and development of the society. In the power reform, we must be cautious in the reform of the power system in California. Due to improper measures, a serious power crisis has arisen. The power crisis is not only for California. It has caused huge economic losses and has had a serious impact on the stability of society. Governor Davis said: "The wide-ranging state of emergency and power supply continue to be chaotic, causing serious impact on California's service work, law enforcement work, schools, hospitals, residents' lives, business activities, and industrial and agricultural production. The personal and property security within it poses a considerable risk because its impact is enormous, and it may exceed the control of any industry individual and a section or county."

The power crisis in California not only affects California's economy, but even affects the nation's securities market and economy. Fei Leiman said: "There is no substitute for electricity. There is no one in life. The computer is black, the traffic lights are extinguished. Electricity is the oxygen of life." Therefore, we must be cautious about the reform of the power system. Any reform plan must be foolproof. No trouble.

The reform of the power system is still in the experimental stage. It may be successful or it may fail. When there is a sufficient mental preparation for the competition mechanism, a four-year transition period is also designed. However, due to some problems, it has not been considered well. Unpredictable problems such as high temperature cold wave, low water, oil and natural gas prices skyrocketing, and a serious power crisis. The UK’s 10-year power system reform is not ideal. It is studying and formulating new reforms. When we are reforming the power system, we must Prevent the wrong ideas of "competitive omnipotence" and "market economy omnipotence". In the process of introducing the market mechanism, we must take the necessary measures to find out the areas where the market economy may fail. At any time, we must not forget the load forecasting, power planning and power balance. When power system reform is carried out, we must not lose sight of the power development in California's 10-year reform. In the past 10 years, no new power plants have been built, and no new transmission and distribution facilities have been built. After the power crisis, it is time to relax the environmental standards and encourage the construction of new power sources. After President Bush took office, he decided to start from the source, but Yuanshui could not save the near fire. Countries like China with abundant power and slow power demand are still like this. Countries like China and Northeast Asia have weak power base and long power demand. In a rapid situation, we must pay more attention to making the reform and development of the California power crisis tell us that not all reform programs can promote power development; the long-term changes in power demand are fast and sometimes unpredictable; the power industry has a long period of capital-intensive construction. It is difficult to adapt to the self-regulation of the market economy; it is full of risks in the competitive power market. Excessive competition makes power generators, power distributors and distributors daunting and stalls. Power shortages can cause power producers to make huge profits. Inappropriate reforms will inevitably lead to a lack of electricity. Therefore, when designing a power reform plan, it is necessary to start from the reality of the country, bypass the “trap” and promote power development, in order to make the reform a success.

Electricity is a basic and public industry. It must have strong regulation and market supervision. The power regulation in the United States has a history of nearly 70 years. It is the country with the longest and most experienced power control in the world, but the old control. Institutional and regulatory measures can only adapt to the vertically monopolized power system. After introducing a competitive mechanism in the electricity market, emphasis is placed on deregulation, and the division of labor between federal and state controls is unclear, duties overlap, and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission is responsible for ISO supervision. In addition, the lack of market supervision has led to the power crisis in California. The countries that carry out power reform in the world, most of them follow the United Kingdom to implement central level control. Only the United States and India implement two-level control. After the power system reform, the two-level control How to do it requires strong regulation and market supervision at all times, otherwise power reform will be difficult to succeed.

The introduction of competition mechanism in the field of power generation and electricity sales requires further study. The current direction of power reform in the world is to separate power generation, transmission, distribution and power sales, and introduce a competitive mechanism in the field of power generation and sales. Transmission and distribution are still monopolized. Before the reform, there were three major public utility companies in California. They had all the assets, vertical and monopoly operations of the distribution and distribution, which caused some difficulties. In the early stage of the reform, 61% of the power plants of the three major companies were sold to IPP. After the crisis, the price of electricity skyrocketed. At that time, some people thought that if the power plant was not separated, there would be no skyrocketing electricity prices. Even if the price increased, PGESCE would not cause such a serious deficit until February this year, considering the repurchase of power plants by the three major companies. Even the government purchased the power plant and the transmission grid to become a state-owned enterprise. After the separation of the British factory network, the cost of power generation fell by 50%, but the on-grid price did not decrease significantly. Now, a new reform plan is being brewed, and a single purchase organization is to be broken.

In the power retail market, California has encouraged the establishment of an independent power service retailer (ESP), which initially had 300 EPSs. After fierce competition in the market, the number of ESPs registered was reduced to 59, and only 11 survived last year. Half of them are in a state of bleak operation. The power retail market is still backed by the original power company. The added value of the power retail industry and the level of profitability are very low. Only the EPS with economies of scale can survive; small-scale ESP is difficult in terms of capital and management. Fighting with affiliated power retailers of major power companies; a small number of small ESPs operating green power (wind power, solar power, etc.) or emphasizing online energy sales (EnaigyOnline) survive. Therefore, many problems in introducing competition mechanism in the field of power generation and power sales still need to be deeply studied. It is not advisable to study the separation of power market management, transaction and dispatch. It should be considered that centralized management of competitive power market requires power market management, energy trading, sequencing, Scheduling and system operations, auxiliary service transactions and off-site bilateral transactions. Since the power grids of the three major power companies are not completely separated, the power market management and energy trading are handled by PX. The sequencing, scheduling, system operation and auxiliary services are handled by ISO. The bilateral energy trading is conducted by SC to improve and improve the state. The power crisis tells us that 1 the power industry is completely separated from U. Wales. The establishment of Xiaofei's profitable netbookmark3 is similar to that of California. They are exclusively responsible for the national electricity market management company; and the UK is competitive due to the factory network (NGC). The unified function of the electricity market is the responsibility of NGC. From the perspective of the California power crisis, the separation of ISO and PX complicates operations and leads to increased operating costs and conservative operations.

The operating cost of PX and ISO reaches US$1/(MW.h) (PX0.3 USD, ISO0.7 USD). This kind of bidding system is the same as the UK and Australia. There is no user to participate in the bidding, only the bidding system on the power generation side is emphasized. It is impossible to optimize the allocation of power resources, and users cannot obtain the price of the reaction power spot market. In particular, there is no long-term contract or short-term contract in the California power market. Only the spot market is one of the important reasons for the abnormal rise in the electricity price of the power crisis. .

The price mechanism of vertical monopoly operation and competitive power market is different. To introduce competitive mechanism in the electricity market, there must be an idea of ​​price volatility. California intends to introduce competition mechanism in the power industry to improve the efficiency of the power industry and reduce Electricity price The original market plan is also intended to reduce the price of electricity. Since the introduction of the competition mechanism to reduce the price of electricity, the original power company has a stranded cost that cannot be recycled. Therefore, a four-year transition period is designed, and the fixed user price is reduced to reduce the power price of the power plant through competition. Partial compensation for the cost of stranding with competitive price reduction, but after the introduction of competition mechanism in the power generation field, due to severe power shortage, the power grid price of power plants did not fall, which caused the power company to “high price, low price”, until January 2001 The power company has suffered a loss of 13 billion U.S. dollars and is on the verge of bankruptcy. This is a serious mistake in market planning. Whether it is a state-owned or privately-owned vertical monopoly power company, its electricity price is priced according to cost + profit + tax, and the government controls the price. The electricity price is relatively stable, and the general price of electricity is lower than the price. The price of cargo expansion and the price of electricity in the competitive power market will change with the relationship between supply and demand. When the demand is greater than the supply, the price of electricity will rise. When the supply exceeds demand, the price of electricity will fall. After the introduction of the competitive power market in the UK, the balance of power supply and demand is maintained. Moreover, there are many price reduction factors in power plants, so the price of electricity tends to decline. After the introduction of competitive power market in California, there is a serious shortage of electricity, and the price of electricity has risen sharply. The government and users are lack of mental preparation, resulting in a passive situation. Therefore, the original electricity price of the market economy countries is basically In line with the laws of the market economy, as long as the balance of power supply and demand can be maintained or slightly affluent, it is possible to keep the price of electricity down appropriately. If the market planning is improper, it may cause the price of electricity to skyrocket and plummet. The surge in electricity prices is not conducive to social and economic development, and the price of electricity has plummeted. It may harm the power industry, and even cause the power company to go bankrupt. In most areas of China, the electricity price is low, and the power demand is very fast. The purpose of introducing the competition mechanism in the power industry is to improve the efficiency of the power industry and ensure the healthy development of the power industry. Operation to rationalize electricity prices, it is not appropriate The purpose of the reform is absolutely determined to reduce electricity prices. In particular, China's current electricity price structure is seriously distorted. The civilian electricity price is low. The industrial electricity price is too high. After the introduction of the competition mechanism, the civil electricity price rises. The industrial electricity price drops. The inevitable rabbit network can achieve networking benefits. There may be a shortage of adjustments, but it is impossible to solve the sudden severe shortage of electricity. The California power grid is an important part of the US Pacific Power Grid. It is not an isolated power grid. California suffered a serious power shortage in the summer of 2000 and winter, although it was at a large In the grid, but neighboring states are equally nervous and unable to support California in large numbers. Especially since the reform, the three major power companies lacked enthusiasm for the development of the power grid. Even if neighboring states have excess power to supply, it is difficult to obtain sufficient power supply due to the “bottleneck” of the power grid. Therefore, the power industry should not blindly hope to solve all the problems in the network. To solve the problem of power shortage, it is necessary to strengthen the research on power development planning, strengthen the research on the network frame, strengthen the research of the secondary system, and make precautions. In the power market planning and power market rules design, it can provide the necessary conditions for such preparation. The CD-ROM version of the "China Power" magazine will be available soon in response to the readers' request. China Power Magazine will soon publish and publish 2000. China Electric Power's CD-ROM contains 12 articles and advertisements for the whole year of 2000, covering power and economy, power generation technology, power system, transmission and distribution, power automation, environmental protection and power informationization; There are monthly statistics and annual reports on China's power industry production statistics, scientific and technological information at home and abroad, and scientific and technological information, so that you can keep abreast of the latest trends in the production, management and technological development of the domestic and international power industry. With powerful search capabilities, you can easily and quickly retrieve the articles, advertisements, and other valuable information you need.

The CD is currently in the hotline subscription, the price of 50 yuan (including postage) is limited, you can contact if you need

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